There will be a time in any hearing professionals’ career when a patient is not responding at threshold and presents a nonorganic hearing loss. Also known as a functional hearing loss and pseudohypacusis, this type of hearing loss is a decrease in hearing that is unexplained by anatomic or physiologic abnormalities (or both)1. One of the best behavioural tools for determining whether a unilateral hearing loss is nonorganic is the Stenger test.
What is the stenger test?
The Stenger test is based on the principle, “when two tones of the same frequency are introduced simultaneously into both ears, only the louder tone is perceived”2. This basically means that if the same sound (tone or speech) is presented simultaneously to each ear, the patient is unable to tell that the sound is being heard by both ears. Stenger testing is usually performed on an audiometer but it can also be done with tuning forks. <
Tone stenger testing
Stenger testing can be done for tones when there is a 20 dB gap or more between ears at any frequency as shown in Figure 1 below:
Figure 1. Example of Asymmetrical hearing loss in the right ear.
For this patient, there is a 20 dB or more difference from 250-8000 Hz, so a Stenger test is needed at every frequency.
Testing procedure
The procedure may differ depending on the audiometer that is being used. Most modern audiometers will either have a Stenger button or a drop-down menu on the computer /audiometer screen where Stenger testing can be selected. By choosing the Stenger test, both ears will now have the same tone being presented to both ears. After the Stenger test is selected:
- Increase the tone in the better ear by 10 dB from threshold obtained. E.g.500 Hz in the left ear will be increased to 30 dB
- Decrease the tone in the poorer ear by 10 dB from the original threshold. E.g. At 500 Hz the right ear will be decreased to 60 dB
- Press the presentation button. The tone will be present to both ears.
Negative stenger
A negative Stenger occurs if the patient raises their hand when the tone is presented simultaneously to both ears. This means that the patient is hearing the sound in the better ear and is responding correctly. This is an indication that the recorded response in the poorer ear is true, and suggests that a nonorganic hearing loss is not present.
For the example above, a Stenger test needs to be done at all other frequencies in which a 20 dB difference or greater is seen in order to ensure accurate responses at all frequencies.
Positive stenger
A positive Stenger occurs when the patient does not raise their hand when the tone is presented simultaneously to both ears. This means that the patient is hearing the sound in the poorer ear and is able to tell that it is softer than the previous “threshold” and therefore they are not responding since they perceive it to be softer.
When a positive Stenger occurs, it is an indication of a nonorganic hearing loss. At this time, more testing can be done to obtain more information in regards to the where the hearing threshold is in the poorer ear.
Minimum contralateral interference level
The minimum contralateral interference level (MCIL) is the lowest level at which the Stenger effect can be obtained. According to Martin & Clark (2019), responses may be within 20 dB of the patient’s actual threshold. To obtain MCIL, continue using the Stenger test:
- In the better ear, set the intensity level 10 dB above the threshold
- In the poorer ear, set the intensity level at 0 dB
- Present the tone
- If the patient responds, continue to increase the intensity of the tone in the poorer ear by 5-10 dB. If the patient stops responding, that intensity should be noted as the MCIL
Remember, the patient should ALWAYS respond since they will always be hearing the tone in the better ear.
Stenger speech testing
Stenger testing can also be performed on some audiometers with speech material. Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) tests use spondaic words to obtain thresholds for speech reception. If, once this is obtained, and a gap of 20 dB or more is present between ears, a speech Stenger test can be performed, just like the tone Stenger testing.
It’s always recommended to repeat instructions to the patient. However, if after being given the instructions again, their responses don’t improve, it’s advised to use objective tests which don’t require patient participation in order to further validate the Stenger results. Objective tests such as Acoustic Reflex Testing, Otoacoustic Emissions and Auditory Brainstem Response testing can further validate and provide valuable information in regards to possible unilateral hearing loss.
Diagnostic audiometers
Amplivox has developed a suite of innovative and user-friendly diagnostic audiometers to diagnose a range of hearing loss pathologies.
The Model 270+ is an advanced two-channel diagnostic audiometer with special tests such as SISI, Stenger, MLB, Master Hearing Aid (MHA), Hearing Loss Simulator (HLS) and tone decay are also included, making it the perfect choice for audiologists, ENTs and hearing aid suppliers within audiology.
For more information on our range of diagnostic audiometers for bone conduction and other tools, please visit our audiometers webpage, contact our customer support team on +44 (0)1865 880 846 or email.
References
1Lin J, Staecker H. Nonorganic hearing loss. Semin Neurol. 2006 Jul;26(3):321-30. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-945518. PMID: 16791778.
2Martin, F. N., & Clark, J. G. (2019). Introduction to Audiology. Pearson.